Main components of the exhaust system

With each working cycle in internal combustion vehicles, combustion takes place inside each cylinder and some gas resulting from the combustion of the fuel and air mixture is created. These gases need to be completely discharged from the cylinder before the next working cycle begins. The exhaust system's job is to direct the combustion gases outward. 
The exhaust system consists of several parts. All components of the exhaust system help reduce exhaust noise and facilitate the flow outside the engine. In this way, the exhaust gases should be directed outward in a way that does not leak toxic gases into the engine. Typically, most cars have the following exhaust system.

1. Exhaust manifold (smoke outlet manifold)
First, the gases enter the exhaust manifold (exhaust manifold). The exhaust manifold collects all the gases from different cylinders and directs them to a pipe. This part can also be replaced with headers. This part is usually made of iron or steel, and its efficiency can be increased by designing the bends in a special way.

2. Catalyst 
As the name of this part makes clear, its function is to filter toxic gases before they are released into the surrounding environment. In this part of the catalyst or replacement materials such as platinum, palladium, radium or other materials that can filter exhaust gases without any changes. This part is usually effective up to a certain kilometer determined by the manufacturer. After a while, deposits of unburned fuel, engine misfire or external damage to the catalyst cause this part to fail. You have probably smelled the burnt egg smell from the car's exhaust. This smell is one of the signs of a damaged catalyst.

3. Muffler 
This part of the exhaust system is also known as a muffler or sound reducer. In addition to reducing noise, this part of the exhaust system is responsible for maximizing the exhaust gas flow. The higher this amount is, the more efficient the engine will be. Even a small hole in the muffler can affect the efficiency and sound of the exhaust. Some people drill holes in the muffler to increase the engine's output, which can damage the car's engine, even though the engine's output sound will be more sporty. 

4. Resonator
This part of the system works like a muffler. This part changes the vibrations related to the sound. The resonator can be placed before or after the muffler. As mentioned, the main task of this part is to control the vibrations related to the sound, but it also has a significant impact on the engine's efficiency. Like the muffler, if a system with a great design is used, it can increase engine efficiency and also reduce fuel consumption.

5. The middle pipe 
of this pipe also exits the muffler and passes through the bumper in many types of cars. And finally, it directs the exhaust gases and sends them outside. In modern cars, this component is decorated in various ways.